Trudnoća i majčinstvo
Trudnoća i majčinstvo

Razvoj govora kod djece

5. lipnja 2013.
Kako prepoznati postoje li zaostajanja u razvoju govora kod djeteta? Na što treba obratiti pozornost kao znak upozorenja da možda nešto nije u redu?

Kada potražiti stručnu pomoć te na koje sve načine roditelji mogu sami poticati jezični i govorni razvoj djeteta? To su dvojbe koje muče mnoge roditelje predškolske djece.

Kada govorimo o razvoju govora važno je napomenuti da među djecom postoje velike individualne razlike. Dijete prvu riječ može izgovoriti s devet mjeseci, ali i s dvije godine, a da kasnije postigne uredan govorno-jezični razvoj.

<tgroup cols="0"> <tbody> <row> <entry> <p> <strong>OD ROĐENJA DO 3. MJESECA ŽIVOTA</strong> </p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p>GOVORNO IZRAŽAVANJE</p> </entry> <entry> <p>RAZUMIJEVANJE</p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p> - proizvodi glasove i zvukove zadovoljstva (gugutanje)</p> <p> - smiješi se kada ugleda ljudski lik</p> <p> - različito plače radi zadovoljavanja različitih potreba</p> </entry> <entry> <p> - boji se jakih zvukova</p> <p> - prepoznaje majčin glas i smiruje se kad ga čuje</p> <p> - povećava ili smanjuje cuclanje kao reakciju na zvukove</p> <p> - utiša se ili se smiješi kada mu se netko obraća</p> </entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p>Na što treba obratiti pozornost kao znak upozorenja da možda nešto nije u redu:</p> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <p>teškoće hranjenja zbog oralno-motornih problema</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>dijete većinu vremena ne proizvodi nikakve glasove (šuti)</p> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <table> <title/> <tgroup cols="0"> <tbody> <row> <entry> <p> <strong>OD 4. DO 6. MJESECA ŽIVOTA</strong> </p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p>GOVORNO IZRAŽAVANJE</p> </entry> <entry> <p>RAZUMIJEVANJE</p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p> - igrajući se svojim govornim organima proizvodi mnogo glasova (brblja, proizvodi zvukove slične glasovima ba-ba, ma-ma, pa-pa)</p> <p> - glasovno izražava uzbuđenje i nezadovoljstvo</p> </entry> <entry> <p> - reagira na promjene u tonu/visini glasa</p> <p> - primjećuje i obraća pozornost na igračke koje proizvode zvukove</p> <p> - pokazuje interes za glazbu</p> <p> - usmjerava pogled prema izvoru zvuka</p> </entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p>Na što treba obratiti pozornost kao znak upozorenja da možda nešto nije u redu:</p> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <p>dijete nema i ne razvija kontakt očima</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>dijete ne reagira (ili vrlo slabo reagira) na buku i glasne zvukove</p> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <table> <title/> <tgroup cols="0"> <tbody> <row> <entry> <p> <strong>OD 7 MJESECI DO 1. GODINE ŽIVOTA</strong> </p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p>GOVORNO IZRAŽAVANJE</p> </entry> <entry> <p>RAZUMIJEVANJE</p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p> - oponaša različite govorne zvukove</p> <p> - koristi se govorom ili zvukovima, koji nisu plač, kako bi pridobilo pažnju i zadržalo je na sebi</p> <p> - izgovara jednu ili dvije riječi (mama, tata); iako te riječi ne moraju biti jasne</p> </entry> <entry> <p> - voli igru skrivanja lica iza dlanova</p> <p> - sluša i usmjerava pažnju kada mu se govori</p> <p> - prepoznaje neke riječi (papati, medo, cipela)</p> <p> - počinje odgovarati na neke jednostavne zahtjeve (Dođi. Hoćeš još?)</p> </entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p> Na što treba obratiti pozornost kao znak upozorenja da možda nešto nije u redu:</p> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <p>dijete je prestalo brbljati ili uopće nije niti počelo</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>nema dosljedne reakcije na glasne zvukove</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>ne komunicira pokazivanjem ili vokalizacijom s okolinom</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>ne reagira na kratke zahtjeve</p> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <table> <title/> <tgroup cols="0"> <tbody> <row> <entry> <p> <strong>OD 1. DO 2. GODINE ŽIVOTA</strong> </p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p>GOVORNO IZRAŽAVANJE</p> </entry> <entry> <p>RAZUMIJEVANJE</p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p> - cijelo vrijeme usvaja i govori mnogo novih riječi</p> <p> - koristi jednu do dvije upitne riječi (Gdje je? Što je to?)</p> <p> - slaže po dvije riječi u rečenicu (Neće piti. Još keksa. Mamina torba.)</p> </entry> <entry> <p> - prepoznaje i pokazuje dijelove tijela</p> <p> - pokazuje slike kad ih netko imenuje</p> <p> - razumije jednostavne upute i pitanja (Gdje je beba? Donesi bebu?)</p> <p> - voli pjesmice</p> <p> - sluša priče</p> </entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p>Na što treba obratiti pozornost kao znak upozorenja da možda nešto nije u redu:</p> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <p>dijete ne razumije jednostavne verbalne upute (Uzmi sok. Dođi.)</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>dijete ne pokazuje interes za govor i govorno izražavanje</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>koristi samo neverbalnu komunikaciju - pokazivanje predmeta</p> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <table> <title/> <tgroup cols="0"> <tbody> <row> <entry> <p> <strong>OD 2. DO 3. GODINE ŽIVOTA</strong> </p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p>GOVORNO IZRAŽAVANJE</p> </entry> <entry> <p>RAZUMIJEVANJE</p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p> - proširuje se dužina rečenice u spontanom govoru (3 riječi)</p> <p> - imenuje većinu predmeta oko sebe</p> <p> - postavlja jednostavna pitanja</p> <p> - govor djeteta većinu je vremena razumljiv (čak i osobama koja nisu iz njegove bliske okoline)</p> </entry> <entry> <p> - izvodi dvije upute zaredom (uzmi sok i stavi ga na stol)</p> <p> <strong>- razumije razlike u značenju (veliko-malo, gore-dolje, idi-stani, ima-nema)</strong> </p> </entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p> Na što treba obratiti pozornost kao znak upozorenja da možda nešto nije u redu:</p> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <p>ne izvodi dvočlane zapovijedi</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>ne povezuje dvije riječi u jednostavnu rečenicu, siromašan rječnik</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>djetetov govor nerazumljiv je osobama iz njegove bliže okoline</p> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <table> <title/> <tgroup cols="0"> <tbody> <row> <entry> <p> <strong>OD 3. DO 4. GODINE ŽIVOTA</strong> </p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p>GOVORNO IZRAŽAVANJE</p> </entry> <entry> <p>RAZUMIJEVANJE</p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p> - u govoru djeteta ne pojavljuje se ponavljanje slogova ili riječi </p> <p> - opisuje svakodnevne situacije </p> <p> - povećava se broj riječi u rečenici (4 ili više)</p> </entry> <entry> <p> <strong>- odgovara na jednostavna pitanja (Gdje? Što? Tko? Zašto?)</strong> </p> <p> <strong> - sluša glazbu i gleda tv na istom stupnju glasnoće kao i odrasli</strong> </p> </entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p> Na što treba obratiti pozornost kao znak upozorenja da možda nešto nije u redu:</p> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <p>djetetov govor nerazumljiv je široj okolini</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>dijete se koristi kraćim rečenicama siromašnog rječnika</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>prisutnost i sve izraženija nefluentnost govora (ponavljanje slogova ili riječi)</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>otežano uči dječje pjesmice</p> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <table> <title/> <tgroup cols="0"> <tbody> <row> <entry> <p> <strong>OD 4. DO 5. GODINE ŽIVOTA</strong> </p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p>GOVORNO IZRAŽAVANJE</p> </entry> <entry> <p>RAZUMIJEVANJE</p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p> - u govoru se primjećuju sve pravilniji gramatički izrazi</p> <p> - priča priče koje su dosljedne temi i koristi mnogo detalja</p> <p> - većinu glasova izgovara pravilno</p> </entry> <entry> <p> <strong>- razumije većinu svakodnevnih razgovora kod kuće</strong> </p> <p> <strong> - sluša priče, pita pitanja o priči i odgovara na pitanja iz priče</strong> </p> </entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p>Na što treba obratiti pozornost kao znak upozorenja da možda nešto nije u redu:</p> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <p>dijete ne razumije složenije jezične konstrukcije i nije u stanju ispričati kraću priču</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>nerazumljiv govor zbog kojeg teže ostvaruje socijalni kontakt</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>prisutan je nepravilan izgovor glasova (osim r, l, lj)</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>djetetov govor je netečan, postoje zastajkivanja ili ponavljanja</p> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <table> <title/> <tgroup cols="0"> <tbody> <row> <entry> <p> <strong>OD 5. DO 6. GODINE ŽIVOTA</strong> </p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p>GOVORNO IZRAŽAVANJE</p> </entry> <entry> <p>RAZUMIJEVANJE</p> </entry> </row> <row> <entry> <p> - rečenice su gramatički pravilne</p> <p> - izgovor svih glasova je pravilan</p> <p> - pokazuje interes za brojeve i slova (zna napisati svoje ime)</p> <p> - mehanički broji do 10</p> </entry> <entry> <p> - razumije koncept vremena (jučer, danas, navečer)</p> <p> - uviđa odnose, uzroke i posljedice</p> <p> - usvojena je orijentacija na tijelu, u prostoru i na papiru</p> </entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p>Na što treba obratiti pozornost kao znak upozorenja da možda nešto nije u redu:</p> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <p>dijete nije usvojilo osnovne pojmove orijentacije u vremenu i prostoru</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>nepravilan izgovor glasova</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>ne pokazuje nikakav interes za slova i brojke (mehanički ne broji i ne zna napisati svoje ime)</p> </listitem> <listitem> <p>nije u mogućnosti zadržati pažnju na zadatku (barem 10min – 15min)</p> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <p>Ovdje navedena shema razvoja govora predstavlja određeni prosjek dobi do koje većina djece savlada određene vještine. Ako dijete nije savladalo neku vještinu od navedenih za pojedinu dob to ne znači nužno da postoje nekakve teškoće u govorno-glasovnom razvoju. Ipak, ako dijete nije savladalo većinu vještina za pojedinu dob, potražite stručno mišljenje i savjet logopeda.</p> <p>Roditelji su često subjektivni, no neće pogriješiti ako i bespotrebno obave pregled kod logopeda, defektologa ili psihologa, a ako propuste to učiniti, izgubit će dragocjeno vrijeme.</p> <p>Poznavanje i prepoznavanje ranih pokazatelja jezično-govornih teškoća izuzetno je važno. Rana identifikacija omogućava pravodobnu terapija i savjetovanje, omogućava prevenciju teškoća, a roditeljima pruža sigurnost i opuštenost u komunikaciji sa svojom djecom.</p> <p> <strong> <emphasis>Autorica teksta:</emphasis> </strong> </p> <p> <strong> <emphasis>Stella Rožman, prof. logoped</emphasis> </strong> </p> <p> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.korneo.hr/"> <strong> <emphasis>Kabinet Korneo</emphasis> </strong> </a> </p></div> <div class="se-article--end"> <div class="se-article--tags-container"> <div class="tags-uvodni-text">Pročitajte još o:</div> <div class="se_article_web_tags"><a href="/tema/govor" class="se-article--tag" title="GOVOR">Govor</a><a href="/tema/logoped" class="se-article--tag" title="LOGOPED">Logoped</a><a href="/tema/razumijevanje" class="se-article--tag" title="RAZUMIJEVANJE">Razumijevanje</a></div> </div> <div class="se-article--share"> <div class="share-uvodni-text">Podijelite članak:</div> <div class="se-article--share_wrapper"> <a 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